What metabolic process do anaerobes use for energy?

Anaerobes utilize fermentation as their primary metabolic process for energy production. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and allows these organisms to convert organic compounds into energy-rich molecules. During fermentation, anaerobic microorganisms typically break down carbohydrates, such as glucose, into simpler compounds like lactic acid or ethanol, while releasing energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

The significance of fermentation lies in its ability to sustain energy production when oxygen is not available, which is a crucial adaptation for anaerobes living in environments like deep water sediments or the intestines of animals where oxygen levels may be low or nonexistent. By relying on fermentation, anaerobes can efficiently metabolize substrates and thrive in their specific ecological niches.