Which macromolecules are primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Nucleic acids are the macromolecules primarily responsible for storing genetic information. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), with DNA being the key molecule for long-term storage of genetic information in most organisms.

Within the structure of DNA, the sequence of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) encodes the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, which includes everything from physical traits to biological functions. The double-helix structure of DNA allows it to be stable and accurately replicated during cell division, facilitating the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

While proteins play several critical roles in the cell, including catalyzing reactions and providing structural support, they do not store genetic information. Carbohydrates and lipids also serve important functions such as energy storage and forming cellular membranes, respectively, but they are not involved in the storage of genetic information either. Hence, nucleic acids are uniquely suited for this role, making them essential for the continuity of life through heredity.